Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1
Schematic showing flow of studies. Analysis of data following exercise or during sleep deprivation was done using data from subjects who had already provided data on the normal night.
- Fig 2
Group-averaged IL-1β in the stimulated condition (the number of producing cells) from ELISPOT assay for the control and CFS-only groups during the postexercise night. The error bars indicate the standard error of the means. *, significant difference from control; note that the statistical tests were conducted with log-transformed data.
Tables
- Table 1
Significant effects of sleep deprivation on cytokine levels measured by three different assays
Assay type and cytokine tested Data for each groupa Control CFS Normal Sleep deprivation Normal Sleep deprivation ELISPOT assay (n) 12 13 IL-1βb 94.2 ± 70.0 140.1 ± 94.1 25.7 ± 13.1 40.7 ± 13.2e IL-8b 37.2 ± 11.5 56.1 ± 16.3e 60.1 ± 12.2 69.8 ± 11.7 Luminex assay (n) 9 10 IL-1βc 0.03 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.04e 0.18 ± 0.07 0.14 ± 0.05 qRT-PCR assay (n) 13 15 IL-4d 0.76 ± 0.33 0.29 ± 0.11e 0.42 ± 0.13 1.34 ± 0.92 IL-10d 0.55 ± 0.15 0.50 ± 0.18 0.36 ± 0.06 0.25 ± 0.03e ↵a The statistical tests were conducted with log-transformed data. Values in bold type indicate significant cases.
↵b No. of cytokine-producing cells (mean ± SE) (raw data).
↵c Cytokine level (mean ± SE) (pg/ml) (raw data).
↵d Cytokine level (relative quantity) (mean ± SE) (raw data).
↵e Significant within-group difference from normal night.
- Table 2
Significant effects of exercise stress on cytokine levels measured by three different assays
Assay type and cytokine testeda Data for each groupb Control CFS CFS only CFS+FM Normal Exercise Normal Exercise Normal Exercise Normal Exercise ELISPOT assay 17 15 9 6 IL-1βc 74.4 ± 50.2 109.9 ± 62.6f 28.4 ± 11.9 26.4 ± 8.0 37.3 ± 18.3 29.0 ± 10.7 15.0 ± 8.9 22.5 ± 12.0 IL-4c 6.9 ± 1.5 8.4 ± 2.6 11.6 ± 2.4 7.7 ± 1.8f 12.5 ± 2.9 7.4 ± 2.4f 10.2 ± 4.1 8.2 ± 2.7 IL-6c 47.2 ± 11.4 69.2 ± 16.2 74.7 ± 21.7 51.0 ± 20.4f 50.9 ± 18.2 8.1 ± 3.2f 110.0 ± 43.0 115.2 ± 38.0g ST IL-6c 96.8 ± 14.1 117.2 ± 16.3 118.5 ± 16.7 95.1 ± 16.7f 108.4 ± 11.8 67.9 ± 16.9f 134.0 ± 36.6 135.7 ± 25.5 IL-8c 36.2 ± 8.5 54.9 ± 13.6 57.8 ± 10.1 24.6 ± 5.4f 58.9 ± 14.0 25.8 ± 5.9 56.1 ± 13.9 22.8 ± 10.2f ST IL-8c 50.1 ± 10.0 62.9 ± 13.5 72.2 ± 7.8 32.0 ± 7.5f 60.6 ± 11.1 31.4 ± 10.0f 89.0 ± 6.4 33.0 ± 11.1f TNF-αc 145.1 ± 28.0 182.6 ± 30.3f 130.0 ± 33.4 151.3 ± 22.5f 157.6 ± 46.5 148.7 ± 27.3 88.6 ± 40.7 155.0 ± 38.6f Luminex assay 17 15 9 6 IL-1βd 0.09 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.11 0.34 ± 0.12 0.16 ± 0.07 0.16 ± 0.07 0.57 ± 0.22h 0.60 ± 0.25 IL-4d 0.18 ± 0.08 0.10 ± 0.03f 0.07 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.07 0.08 ± 0.05 IL-10d 2.22 ± 0.39 1.40 ± 0.25f 2.37 ± 0.34 2.24 ± 0.34 2.02 ± 0.43 2.07 ± 0.49 2.89 ± 0.54 2.49 ± 0.37 qRT-PCR assay (n)e 18 17 10 7 ↵a ST, stimulant-induced data.
↵b The statistical tests were conducted with log-transformed data. Values in bold type indicate significant cases.
↵c No. of cytokine-producing cells (mean ± SE) (raw data).
↵d Cytokine level (mean ± SE) (pg/ml) (raw data).
↵e There were no significant cases for the qRT-PCR assay.
↵f Significant within-group difference from normal night.
↵g Significant difference between CFS only and CFS+FM.
↵h Significant difference between control subjects and patients with CFS+FM.
- Table 3
VAS scores before and after sleep deprivation and exercise nights
Type of night and group VAS scores (mean ± SD) by categorya Sleepiness Pain Feeling blue Anxiety Fatigue Normal night Control Before sleep 4.7 ± 4.0 0.1 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.7 1.7 ± 3.6 3.1 ± 4.2 After awake 2.5 ± 3.1c 0.3 ± 0.8 0.3 ± 0.8 0.7 ± 1.3 1.4 ± 2.1c CFS Before sleep 8.8 ± 4.0b 7.1 ± 3.9b 1.1 ± 1.9b 1.5 ± 2.0 9.4 ± 3.0b After awake 7.8 ± 3.6b 7.1 ± 3.8b 0.9 ± 1.6 0.9 ± 1.7 8.2 ± 3.2b Night of sleep deprivation Control Before deprivation 3.6 ± 5.3 0.9 ± 2.1 0.1 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 1.7 2.2 ± 4.6 After deprivation 4.7 ± 4.5 0.9 ± 1.8 0.2 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 4.5 CFS Before deprivation 9.6 ± 3.7b 8.3 ± 2.6b 0.9 ± 1.2b 0.9 ± 1.1 10.5 ± 2.7b After deprivation 11.2 ± 4.4b 9.8 ± 3.4b,c 0.6 ± 0.9 0.9 ± 0.9b 11.9 ± 3.2b,c Night following exercise Control Before sleep 3.7 ± 3.6 0.0 ± 0.0 0.04 ± 0.14 0.7 ± 1.8 2.4 ± 3.6 After awake 1.2 ± 1.4 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.2 0.05 ± 0.17 0.6 ± 1.3 CFS Before sleep 10.4 ± 3.8b 8.7 ± 4.5b 1.0 ± 1.4b 1.8 ± 3.0 10.5 ± 3.4b After awake 8.3 ± 4.0b 8.1 ± 5.2b 0.5 ± 0.8b,c 0.7 ± 1.0b 9.5 ± 3.7b ↵a Values in boldface indicate the cases where the experimental effects on subjective symptoms were significant (repeated-ANOVA, P < 0.05; Bonferroni multiple comparison adjustment was used).
↵b Significant difference from healthy controls.
↵c Significant difference between before and after sleep deprivation/exercise tests.
Supplemental material
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplemental file 1 -
Supplemental statistical models. Specification of multilevel models. Table S1. Effects of sleep deprivation on cytokine protein production levels measured by an ELISPOT assay. Table S2. Effects of sleep deprivation on cytokine protein production levels measured on a Luminex assay. Table S3. Effects of sleep deprivation on cytokine mRNA expression levels measured by a qRT-PCR assay. Table S4. Effects of exercise stress on cytokine production levels measured by an ELISPOT assay. Table S5. Effects of exercise stress on cytokine protein production levels measured by a Luminex assay. Table S6. Effects of exercise stress on cytokine mRNA expression levels measured by a qRT-PCR assay.
PDF, 199K
- Supplemental file 1 -
