Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Group design, immunization schedule, and gating strategy. (A) Rhesus macaques were divided into 3 groups that received various immunizations consisting of HIV antigens with or without IL-12 or IL-28B/IFN-λ3 adjuvant. (B) Animals were immunized three times 1 month apart, with an initial immune analysis 2 weeks after the final vaccination. Immune analysis also occurred 3 months after the final vaccination. (C) A representative gating strategy is shown for flow cytometry-based identification of IFN-γ- and IL-4-positive lymphocytes (in this case CD4+ T cells). FSC, forward scatter; SSC, side scatter.
- FIG. 2.
Analysis of the effects of the IL-12 and IL-28B/IFN-λ3 adjuvants on antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL-4 production in T cells. (A) Two weeks after the final vaccination, peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were assayed for the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ. (B) Total IL-4 and IFN-γ responses are graphed to allow intragroup and intergroup comparison of responses. *, P < 0.05 for intragroup comparison of IL-4 and IFN-γ responses. IFNg, IFN-γ.
- FIG. 3.
Analysis of the effects of IL-12 and IL-28B/IFN-λ3 adjuvants on long-lived responses from T cells. (A) Three months after the final vaccination, peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were again assayed for the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ. (B) Total IFN-γ production from all T cells (top left) and IL-4 production from all responding T cells (top right) are shown. Relative contributions of IFN-γ and IL-4 to the T cell immune response are shown by group (bottom). *, P < 0.05 for intragroup comparison of IL-4 and IFN-γ responses. IFNg, IFN-γ.
- FIG. 4.
Cumulative overview of the ability of the IL-12 and IL-28B/IFN-λ3 adjuvants to affect the Th1/Th2 axis in the short term and long term. (A) Pie charts show relative contributions of Th1 and Th2 cytokines to the total T cell response, as well as broken down into CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, 2 weeks after the final immunization. (B) Pie charts show relative contributions of Th1 and Th2 cytokines to the total T cell response, as well as broken down into CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, 3 months after the final immunization. (C) Before-and-after plots show the Th1-skewing capabilities of the adjuvants 2 weeks after the final immunization in comparison with the Th1 levels 3 months after the final immunization in CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and total T cells. Tables display the hierarchies of Th1-biased responses driven by the adjuvants.
