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Clin. Vaccine Immunol. doi:10.1128/CVI.00440-07
Copyright (c) 2007, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

A Novel, Killed-virus Nasal Vaccinia Vaccine

Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jbakerjr{at}umich.edu.

	Abstract

Live virus vaccines for smallpox are effective but have risks that are no longer acceptable for routine use in populations at minimal risk of infection. We have developed a mucosal, killed-vaccinia virus (VV) vaccine based on antimicrobial nanoemulsion (NE) of soybean oil and detergent. Incubation of VV with 10% NE for at least 60 minutes causes complete disruption and inactivation of VV. Simple mixtures of NE and VV (Western Reserve serotype) applied to the nares of mice resulted in both systemic and mucosal anti-VV immunity, virus neutralizing antibodies and Th1-biased cellular responses. Nasal vaccination with VV/NE vaccine produced protection against lethal infection equal to vaccination by scarification, with 100% survival after challenge with 77 x LD₅₀ of live vaccinia virus. However, animals protected with VV/NE immunzation did have more extensive clinical symptoms after virus challenge than animals vaccinated by scarification. VV/nanoemulsion based vaccines are highly immunogenic and induce protective mucosal and systemic immunity without the need for an inflammatory adjuvant or infection with live virus.