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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, January 2004, p. 211-215, Vol. 11, No. 1
1071-412X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.11.1.211-215.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Molecular Cloning of a Babesia caballi Gene Encoding the 134-Kilodalton Protein and Evaluation of Its Diagnostic Potential in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Yoh Tamaki, Haruyuki Hirata, Noriyuki Takabatake, Sabine Bork, Naoaki Yokoyama, Xuenan Xuan, Kozo Fujisaki, and Ikuo Igarashi^*

National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

Received 13 June 2003/ Returned for modification 1 September 2003/ Accepted 27 October 2003

Top Abstract Introduction Nucleotide sequence accession... References

 
A Babesia caballi gene encoding the 134-kDa (BC134) protein was immunoscreened with B. caballi-infected horse serum. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant BC134 protein could effectively differentiate B. caballi-infected horse sera from Babesia equi-infected or noninfected control horse sera. These results suggest that the recombinant BC134 protein is a potential diagnostic antigen in the detection of B. caballi infection.

Top Abstract Introduction Nucleotide sequence accession... References

 
Babesia caballi, like Babesia equi, is a tick-borne protozoan parasite which causes fever, anemia, jaundice, and edema in the infected horses and sometimes results in death (3, 4, 17, 19). These equine babesioses are known to induce significant economic losses in the horse industry (3, 5). These parasites are usually detected in blood smears during the acute stage of infection but not easily in those of the recovered animals that remain carriers of the parasite (8). Clinical signs are not specific diagnostic measures for babesiosis, especially in asymptomatic or mixed infection in areas of endemicity (1). Therefore, serological distinction of the two infections is very important for choice of prophylactic treatment, epidemiological surveillance, and strategies of babesiosis control since B. caballi-infected animals become carriers for 1 to 3 years while horses infected with B. equi are lifelong carriers of this pathogen (5, 8). Additionally, in view of the fact that these Babesia parasites are currently absent in Japan but an increasing number of horses is being imported from countries where the infection is endemic, the development of a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic system for B. caballi is an urgent necessity for the enhancement of quarantine.

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the whole lysates of B. caballi-infected erythrocytes was found to cause an extensive cross-reaction between B. caballi- and B. equi-infected horse sera (2, 24). Competitive-inhibition ELISA using recombinant antigens was also developed for the detection of B. equi and B. caballi infections (11, 12). Recently, we succeeded in developing an ELISA system that could specifically detect anti-B. caballi equine antibodies by using a recombinant BC48 protein (10). The ELISA using the recombinant antigen could clearly distinguish the B. caballi-infected horse sera from noninfected or B. equi-infected horse sera (10). However, in order to cover all sera infected with various types of field strains, it is necessary to conduct further studies to search for other immunodominant antigens applicable to epidemiological surveillance. Such studies might lead to a more practical use of ELISA worldwide. In this study, we succeeded in obtaining a novel cDNA clone by immunoscreening a B. caballi cDNA expression library. On the basis of a nucleotide sequence that we determined, a recombinant antigen was designed, produced in an Escherichia coli expression system, and subjected to ELISA for the evaluation of its diagnostic utility for B. caballi infection.

A B. caballi (U.S. Department of Agriculture strain) cDNA expression phage library (2.5 x 10⁵ PFU/ml) was immunoscreened with experimentally B. caballi-infected horse serum according to the previously reported method (10, 20). Nucleotide sequencing was performed as described previously (7). Open reading frame (ORF) and protein homology searches were performed using the MacVector program (Oxford Molecular, Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, respectively. Two oligonucleotide primers, 5'-caggatccGTCATGATGAGAGGGAAC-3' and 5'-gcgaattcGGCCTTAGTTGCTGGGG-3' (lowercase letters show BamHI and EcoRI restriction site linkers, respectively), were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the BC134 gene (accession number AB095267 in GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ databases), and 2,876 bp of a DNA fragment containing the BC134 ORF was amplified by PCR (16). The amplified DNA product was digested with BamHI and EcoRI, purified with the QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Inc., Hilden, Germany), and then ligated into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of a pGEX-4T E. coli expression plasmid vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). The resulting plasmid, designated pGEX/BC134, was used to produce a recombinant BC134 protein fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST) (designated the GST-BC134 protein) in the E. coli BL21 strain (Stratagene) according to standard techniques (18). Next, the protein was purified as described previously (10, 22). The purified GST-BC134 protein was resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline to a final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml and used as an immune antigen for the production of an anti-BC134 protein mouse immune serum or as a diagnostic antigen for an ELISA system, as described below. Seven-week-old BALB/c mice (CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) were intraperitoneally immunized with 20 µg of the purified GST-BC134 protein emulsified with the same volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (Difco, Detroit, Mich.). At 2-week intervals, the mice were stimulated five additional times with the same amount of purified antigen emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (Difco). Sera were collected from the mice at 10 days after the last booster. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was performed as described previously (27). Purification of the B. caballi cells and B. equi (U.S. Department of Agriculture strain) cells was performed according to the previously reported method (13, 14). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis were performed as described previously (26). An ELISA was performed as described previously (10, 25). Seven sera of noninfected control horses, eight sera of experimentally B. caballi-infected horses, and eight sera of experimentally B. equi-infected horses were obtained from the Equine Research Institute of the Japan Racing Association.

By immunoscreening with B. caballi-infected horse serum, the nucleotide sequence of one cDNA clone that showed the strongest immunoreactivity was determined. Computer-aided analysis demonstrated that the cDNA insert had a total of 3,227 bp (accession number AB095267 in GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ) and contained a single ORF, which was designated the BC134 gene (Fig. 1). The ORF from the initial codon (position 285) to the terminal codon (TAA) (position 3137) contained 2,853 nucleotides, corresponding to 950 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 104 kDa. The predicted protein had an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.62, which was suggestive of the acidic nature of the BC134 protein. Of the deduced amino acids of the BC134 gene, 28.6% were charged. The predicted protein has a typical signal peptide sequence at the N-terminal end (Fig. 1, underlined).

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FIG. 1. Complete nucleotide sequence, including the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, of the BC134 gene. The amino acid sequence translated from the long ORF is depicted under the nucleotide sequence. The underlining shows a predicted signal peptide sequence.

A recombinant BC134 protein (GST-BC134) with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kDa was expressed in the transformed E. coli with pGEX/BC134 and then purified using glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads, as shown in Fig. 2. The GST-BC134 protein was also recognized with the B. caballi-infected horse serum in Western blot analysis (data not shown). Since the GST-BC134 protein contains a 26-kDa GST tag, the molecular mass of the GST-BC134 protein was estimated at approximately 134 kDa after removal of the GST tag. The detected size of the GST-BC134 protein, however, was still larger than the size estimated by computer-aided analysis (about 104 kDa).

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FIG. 2. Purification of recombinant GST-BC134 protein with glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. Lanes: a, whole lysate of the transformed E. coli with pGEX/BC134; b, pellet fraction from the whole lysate; c, supernatant fraction from the whole lysate; d and e, purified GST-BC134 and GST proteins, respectively.

A mouse immune serum was prepared against the purified GST-BC134 protein. In Western blot analysis (Fig. 3), the anti-recombinant BC134 protein mouse serum recognized only 134 kDa of the native protein in the lysate of B. caballi-infected erythrocytes (lane a) and not in the lysates of B. equi-infected and noninfected erythrocytes (lanes b and c). Next, in the indirect fluorescent antibody test with mouse antiserum to the recombinant BC134 protein, positive reactions were observed in all of the developmental stages of B. caballi in erythrocytes as well as in extracellular parasites (Fig. 4). In the intraerythrocytic stage of merozoites (the ring and subsequent pear-shaped forms), the BC134 protein appeared as a dense accumulation in the parasite cytoplasm (Fig. 4a, b, and c), which later blanketed the membrane of ruptured erythrocytes (Fig. 4c), and retained a denser mass or accumulation in the cytoplasm of extracellular merozoites (Fig. 4b and c).

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FIG. 3. Western blot analysis of the lysates of B. caballi (lane a)- and B. equi (lane b)-infected and noninfected (lane c) equine erythrocytes incubated with mouse immune serum against recombinant BC134 protein. The positions of the standard molecular masses (in kilodaltons) are indicated on the left side of the panels. Note that 134 kDa of the native protein is seen only in the lysate of B. caballi-infected erythrocytes.

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FIG. 4. Localization of BC134 protein as shown by ethanol-acetone-fixed smears of B. caballi-infected erythrocytes incubated with the anti-recombinant BC134 protein mouse immune serum and then observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The immune reaction (green) and nucleus (red) were visualized with the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Bars, 5 µm.

To evaluate the efficacy of the recombinant BC134 protein as a diagnostic antigen, the purified GST-BC134 antigen was subjected to diagnostic ELISA (Fig. 5). All of the sera used were confirmed to be nonreactive to the GST control antigen (data not shown). Positive reactions to the GST-BC134 antigen were detectable in six out of eight B. caballi-infected horse sera at optical densities at 415 nm (OD₄₁₅) higher than 0.25 (lane 1). However, the antigen showed a cross-reaction or a nonspecific reaction to B. equi-infected horse or healthy horse sera with OD₄₁₅ below 0.25 in the ELISA. These results demonstrate that the ELISA with GST-BC134 antigen is able to distinguish between the sera of B. caballi-infected horses and those of B. equi- or noninfected horses at OD₄₁₅ of 0.25 and higher.

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FIG. 5. ELISA showing the reactivity of the GST-BC134 protein to horse sera. Dots represent OD415 of B. caballi-infected (lane 1), B. equi-infected (lane 2), and noninfected (lane 3) horse sera.

In the present study, a B. caballi-cDNA expression phage library was screened with serum from a horse experimentally infected with B. caballi, and a novel recombinant BC134 protein of B. caballi was identified as the most immunoreactive antigen. The deduced amino acid sequence of the BC134 gene has a signal peptide sequence at the N-terminal end, suggesting that it might function as a membrane-associated or -secreted protein (21).

The complete nucleotide sequence of the BC134 gene was identified, but the native BC134 protein, as well as the synthesized GST-BC134 protein, was found to be about 30 kDa larger than expected. This discrepancy in molecular masses may be attributed to the presence of highly charged amino acid residues and to the low pI of the predicted protein, which may have disrupted the binding of sodium dodecyl sulfate to the protein (6). Similar findings have been reported for Ag322 of Plasmodium falciparum (15), the 200-kDa protein of Babesia bigemina (23), and the Be82 protein of B. equi (6). Despite the discrepant molecular sizes, the mouse immune serum against the recombinant BC134 protein specifically recognized the native protein in the lysate of B. caballi-infected erythrocytes, and the recombinant BC134 protein was reactive with the B. caballi-infected horse serum. These findings indicate that the BC134 protein is a specific antigen of B. caballi and also an immunoreactive component applicable for the development of diagnostic ELISA against the infection.

In the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the native BC134 protein was observed in the cytoplasm and/or membrane of the infected erythrocytes as well as in the cytoplasm at all developmental stages of the intracellular parasites (the ring and subsequent pear-shaped forms) and free merozoites. The BC134 protein also seemed to have interacted with the cytoskeleton and/or the membrane of erythrocytes at the later phase of parasite development, which is associated with merozoite maturation and release and host cell rupture, similarly to the B. bovis rhoptry-associated protein 1 (27).

Although we already developed a diagnostic ELISA for B. caballi infection using a recombinant BC48 antigen (9, 10), we consider that further study is necessary to search for other immunodominant antigens applicable to diagnostic ELISA in order to cover all of the sera infected with various types of field strains. In the present study, an ELISA using a newly identified recombinant BC134 protein was developed and proved to be highly specific for the detection of B. caballi-specific equine antibodies at OD₄₁₅ higher than 0.25. Although the diagnostic ELISA that we have developed detected B. caballi infection clearly, in the ELISA using the recombinant BC134 protein two B. caballi-infected serum samples tested negative. Although the number of serum samples was not enough to examine whether the cross-reactivity or nonspecific reactivity of the GST-BC134 protein with B. equi-infected sera and healthy horse sera was authentic, there is a possibility that B. equi parasites may share a region bearing antigenicity that is similar to the recombinant BC134 protein. Furthermore, there is nonspecific reactivity with uninfected sera. Therefore, further studies of ELISA with the recombinant BC134 antigen are thus necessary and should use a large number of horse sera in order to ascertain which region of the BC134 antigen is specific to the serological diagnosis of B. caballi infection in the field.

Top Abstract Introduction Nucleotide sequence accession... References

 
Nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ databases under accession number AB095267.

 
We thank T. Kanemaru of the Equine Research Institute of the Japan Racing Association for providing horse sera.

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and a grant from The 21st Century COE Program (A-1) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. Phone: 81-155-49-5641. Fax: 81-155-49-5643. E-mail: igarcpmi{at}obihiro.ac.jp.

Top Abstract Introduction Nucleotide sequence accession... References

 

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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, January 2004, p. 211-215, Vol. 11, No. 1
1071-412X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.11.1.211-215.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Hirata, H., Yokoyama, N., Xuan, X., Fujisaki, K., Suzuki, N., Igarashi, I. (2005). Cloning of a Novel Babesia equi Gene Encoding a 158-Kilodalton Protein Useful for Serological Diagnosis. CVI 12: 334-338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Tamaki, Y. Articles by Igarashi, I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Tamaki, Y. Articles by Igarashi, I. Pubmed/NCBI databases Protein