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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, August 2009, p. 1151-1157, Vol. 16, No. 8
1071-412X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CVI.00018-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Innate Immune Defenses Induced by CpG Do Not Promote Vaccine-Induced Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs{triangledown}

M. P. Alves,1 L. Guzylack-Piriou,1 V. Juillard,2 J.-C. Audonnet,2 T. Doel,5 H. Dawson,3 W. T. Golde,4 H. Gerber,1 N. Peduto,1 K. C. McCullough,1 and A. Summerfield1*

Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland,1 Merial SAS, Discovery Research, 254 Rue Marcel Mérieux, 69342 Cedex 07, Lyon, France,2 Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705,3 Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Unit PIADC, ARS, USDA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, New York 11944,4 Merial Animal Health Ltd., Pirbright, United Kingdom5

Received 15 January 2009/ Returned for modification 18 March 2009/ Accepted 18 June 2009

Emergency vaccination as part of the control strategies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has the potential to limit virus spread and reduce large-scale culling. To reduce the time between vaccination and the onset of immunity, immunostimulatory CpG was tested for its capacity to promote early protection against FMDV challenge in pigs. To this end, CpG 2142, an efficient inducer of alpha interferon, was injected intramuscularly. Increased transcription of Mx1, OAS, and IRF-7 was identified as a sensitive measurement of CpG-induced innate immunity, with increased levels detectable to at least 4 days after injection of CpG formulated with Emulsigen. Despite this, CpG combined with an FMD vaccine did not promote protection. Pigs vaccinated 2 days before challenge had disease development, which was at least as acute as that of unvaccinated controls. All pigs vaccinated 7 days before challenge were protected without a noticeable effect of CpG. In summary, our results demonstrate the caution required when translating findings from mouse models to natural hosts of FMDV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. Phone: 41 (0)31 848 9377. Fax: 41 (0)31 848 9222. E-mail: artur.summerfield{at}ivi.admin.ch

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 24 June 2009.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, August 2009, p. 1151-1157, Vol. 16, No. 8
1071-412X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CVI.00018-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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