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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, October 2009, p. 1443-1448, Vol. 16, No. 10
1071-412X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CVI.00229-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Adjuvants Induce Distinct Immunological Phenotypes in a Bovine Tuberculosis Vaccine Model{triangledown}

H. Martin Vordermeier,1 Gillian S. Dean,1 Ida Rosenkrands,2 Else M. Agger,2 Peter Andersen,2 Daryan A. Kaveh,1 R. Glyn Hewinson,1 and Philip J. Hogarth1*

TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom,1 Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark2

Received 9 June 2009/ Returned for modification 14 July 2009/ Accepted 17 July 2009

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important infectious diseases of humans and animals. Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only currently available TB vaccine, demonstrates variable levels of efficacy; therefore, a replacement or supplement to BCG is required. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise but require the use of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. Using the protective mycobacterial antigen Rv3019c, we have evaluated the induction of relevant immune responses by adjuvant formulations directly in the target species for bovine TB vaccines and compared these to responses induced by BCG. We demonstrate that two classes of adjuvant induce distinct immune phenotypes in cattle, a fact not previously reported for mice. A water/oil emulsion induced both an effector cell and a central memory response. A cationic-liposome adjuvant induced a central memory response alone, similar to that induced by BCG. This suggests that water/oil emulsions may be the most promising formulations. These results demonstrate the importance of testing adjuvant formulations directly in the target species and the necessity of measuring different types of immune response when evaluating immune responses.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0)1932 359557. Fax: 44 (0)1932 357684. E-mail: p.j.hogarth{at}vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 29 July 2009.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, October 2009, p. 1443-1448, Vol. 16, No. 10
1071-412X/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CVI.00229-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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