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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, November 2006, p. 1217-1222, Vol. 13, No. 11
1071-412X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CVI.00201-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Francisco Alarcon-Chaidez,¹ Raymond Ryan,² Stephen Wikel,¹ Kenneth Dardick,³ Caroline Lawler,⁴ Ivo M. Foppa,⁵ Patricio Tomas,^4, Alexis Cushman,^4, Ann Hsieh,^4, Andrew Spielman,⁶ Keith R. Bouchard,¹ Filiciano Dias,² Jaber Aslanzadeh,² and Peter J. Krause^4,7*

Departments of Immunology,¹ Laboratory Medicine,² Medicine,³ Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030,⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29212,⁵ Division of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106⁷

Received 1 June 2006/ Returned for modification 17 July 2006/ Accepted 11 August 2006

Ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. People who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. Despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. In order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infection and the immune response to tick bite, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody to a recombinant form of calreticulin protein found in the salivary glands of Ixodes scapularis, a member of a complex of Ixodes ticks that serve as the vectors for Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Using this assay, we tested sera obtained from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice before and after experimental deer tick infestation. These mice developed antibody to Ixodes calreticulin antigen after infestation. We then used the same assay to test sera obtained from people before and after they experienced deer tick bite(s). People experiencing deer tick bite(s) developed Ixodes calreticulin-specific antibody responses that persisted for up to 17 months. This Ixodes recombinant calreticulin ELISA provides objective evidence of deer tick exposure in people.

Published ahead of print on 23 August 2006.

Present address: Protein Array Center, Invitrogen Corporation, 688 East Main Street, Branford, CT 06405.

Present address: 1723 Spruce St., Apartment 3R, Philadelphia, PA 19203.

Present address: 3859 Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753.

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